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a professor of physics

  • 1 (a) professor of physics

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > (a) professor of physics

  • 2 (Institute Senior Associate and University of Maryland Distinguished Professor of Physics, Dr. Roald Sagdeev) Sagdeev

    Общая лексика: Сагдеев

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > (Institute Senior Associate and University of Maryland Distinguished Professor of Physics, Dr. Roald Sagdeev) Sagdeev

  • 3 professor in de natuurkunde

    professor in de natuurkunde
    ————————
    professor in de natuurkunde

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > professor in de natuurkunde

  • 4 professor

    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   een verstrooide professor • 〈 ook figuurlijk〉 an absent-minded professor
         professor in de natuurkunde • a professor of physics
         benoemen tot professor in de filosofie • appoint professor of philosophy

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > professor

  • 5 Professor

    m; -s, -en
    1. UNIV. professor; er ist Professor für Erdkunde he’s a geography professor, he’s professor of geography; ordentlicher Professor full professor; zerstreuter Professor umg., hum. absent-minded professor
    2. österr. (Gymnasiallehrer) teacher at a Gymnasium
    * * *
    der Professor
    professor
    * * *
    Pro|fẹs|sor [pro'fɛsoːɐ]
    m -s, Professoren
    [-'soːrən]
    1) (= Hochschulprofessor) professor

    außerordentlicher Professor — professor not holding a chair, ≈ associate professor (US)

    Herr/Frau Professor! — Professor!

    2) (Aus, S Ger = Gymnasiallehrer) teacher
    * * *
    Pro·fes·sor, Pro·fes·so·rin
    <-s, -en>
    [proˈfɛso:ɐ̯, profɛˈso:rɪn, pl -ˈso:rən]
    m, f
    1. kein pl (Titel) professor
    2. (Träger des Professorentitels)
    Herr \Professor/Frau \Professorin Professor
    außerordentlicher \Professor extraordinary [or AM associate] professor
    ordentlicher \Professor [full AM] professor
    \Professor sein to be a professor
    sie ist Professorin für Physik in München she is a professor of physics in Munich
    3. ÖSTERR (Gymnasiallehrer) master masc, mistress fem
    * * *
    der; Professors, Professoren

    ordentlicher Professor — [full] professor (holding a chair)

    2) (österr., sonst veralt.): (GymnasialProfessor) [grammar school] teacher
    * * *
    Professor m; -s, -en
    1. UNIV professor;
    er ist Professor für Erdkunde he’s a geography professor, he’s professor of geography;
    ordentlicher Professor full professor;
    zerstreuter Professor umg, hum absent-minded professor
    2. österr (Gymnasiallehrer) teacher at a Gymnasium
    * * *
    der; Professors, Professoren

    ordentlicher Professor — [full] professor (holding a chair)

    2) (österr., sonst veralt.): (GymnasialProfessor) [grammar school] teacher
    * * *
    m.
    professor (UK) n.
    professor n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Professor

  • 6 professor

    m; -s, -en
    1. UNIV. professor; er ist Professor für Erdkunde he’s a geography professor, he’s professor of geography; ordentlicher Professor full professor; zerstreuter Professor umg., hum. absent-minded professor
    2. österr. (Gymnasiallehrer) teacher at a Gymnasium
    * * *
    der Professor
    professor
    * * *
    Pro|fẹs|sor [pro'fɛsoːɐ]
    m -s, Professoren
    [-'soːrən]
    1) (= Hochschulprofessor) professor

    außerordentlicher Professor — professor not holding a chair, ≈ associate professor (US)

    Herr/Frau Professor! — Professor!

    2) (Aus, S Ger = Gymnasiallehrer) teacher
    * * *
    Pro·fes·sor, Pro·fes·so·rin
    <-s, -en>
    [proˈfɛso:ɐ̯, profɛˈso:rɪn, pl -ˈso:rən]
    m, f
    1. kein pl (Titel) professor
    2. (Träger des Professorentitels)
    Herr \Professor/Frau \Professorin Professor
    außerordentlicher \Professor extraordinary [or AM associate] professor
    ordentlicher \Professor [full AM] professor
    \Professor sein to be a professor
    sie ist Professorin für Physik in München she is a professor of physics in Munich
    3. ÖSTERR (Gymnasiallehrer) master masc, mistress fem
    * * *
    der; Professors, Professoren

    ordentlicher Professor — [full] professor (holding a chair)

    2) (österr., sonst veralt.): (GymnasialProfessor) [grammar school] teacher
    * * *
    …professor m im subst: allg professor; mit Fach: professor of;
    Architekturprofessor professor of architecture;
    Fachhochschulprofessor polytechnic (US auch professional school) professor
    * * *
    der; Professors, Professoren

    ordentlicher Professor — [full] professor (holding a chair)

    2) (österr., sonst veralt.): (GymnasialProfessor) [grammar school] teacher
    * * *
    m.
    professor (UK) n.
    professor n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > professor

  • 7 professor

    [prə'fesə]
    n
    профессор сокр. Prof., преподаватель
    - visiting professor
    - associate professor
    - full professor
    - tenuer professor
    - professor of physics
    - professor of sociology
    CHOICE OF WORDS:
    Professor - высший ранг преподавателя колледжа или университета. Различаются употребления существительного Professor в британском и американском вариантах английского языка. В британском английском professor является частью парадигмы: lecturer - начинающий преподаватель, senior lecturer - старший преподаватель, reader - лектор и высшая ступень - professor, часто ответственный за других преподавателей; в американском английском парадигма иная: начинающщий преподаватель - assistant professor, следующий ранг - associate professor, и высшая ступень full professor. Основная часть профессоров в американских университетах старается получить звание tenuer professor - пожизненный профессор, звание, которое гарантирует на этом месте получение пенсии от университета. ср. русскую систему званий преподавателя университета - преподаватель, ассистент, старший преподаватель, доцент (звание при защите кандидатской диссертации, должность возможна и без защиты); профессор (звание доктора - профессора при защите докторской диссертации, должность возможна и без защиты).

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > professor

  • 8 Professor

    Pro·fes·sor, Pro·fes·so·rin <-s, -soren> [proʼfɛso:ɐ̭, profɛʼso:ɐ̭ɪn] m, f
    1) kein pl ( Titel) professor
    Herr \Professor/Frau \Professorin Professor;
    außerordentlicher \Professor extraordinary [or (Am) associate] professor;
    ordentlicher \Professor [full (Am)] professor;
    \Professor sein to be a professor;
    sie ist Professorin für Physik in München she is a professor of physics in Munich
    3) ( ÖSTERR) ( Gymnasiallehrer) master masc, mistress fem

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > Professor

  • 9 профессор

    professor
    • ассистент - Dr. Smith is an adjunct professor in our department. Dr. Smith is an assistant professor of physics.
    • лектор - Dr. Smith is a lecturer in physics.
    • профессор - Dr. Smith was promoted to full professor this year. Dr. Smith is a professor of physics. Dr. Smith is a professor in the Physics Department.
    • старший преподаватель, доцент - Dr. Smith is now a tenured associate professor. Dr. Smith is an associate professor of physics.
    • Его лекция дала слушателям новую точку зрения на... - His lecture provided listeners with a new viewpoint on... .: профессор:
    • Лекция профессора Смита была одновременно и занимательной, и информативной. - Prof. Smith's lecture was both entertaining and informative.
    • Профессор Смит был талантливым исследователем, опубликовавшим большое число работ о... - Prof. Smith was a talented researcher who published a long list of papers on...
    • Профессор Смит был умелым исследователем с многолетним опытом... - Prof. Smith was a skilled researcher who had many years of experience with...
    • Профессор Смит является выдающимся специалистом в области... - Prof. Smith has distinguished himself in the field of...
    • Профессор Смит вел долгую и выдающуюся работу в области... - Prof. Smith had a long and distinguished career in the field of...
    • Я всегда считал лекции профессора Смита вдохновляющими. - I always found Prof. Smith's lectures to be stimulating.

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > профессор

  • 10 die Physik

    - {physics} vật lý học = die angewandte Physik {applied physics}+ = der Professor für Physik {professor of physics}+

    Deutsch-Vietnamesisch Wörterbuch > die Physik

  • 11 Townes, Charles Hard

    [br]
    b. 28 July 1915 Greenville, South Carolina, USA
    [br]
    American physicist who developed the maser and contributed to the development of the laser.
    [br]
    Charles H.Townes entered Furman University, Greenville, at the early age of 16 and in 1935 obtained a BA in modern languages and a BS in physics. After a year of postgraduate study at Duke University, he received a master's degree in physics in 1936. He then went on to the California Institute of Technology, where he obtained a PhD in 1939. From 1939 to 1947 he worked at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, mainly on airborne radar, although he also did some work on radio astronomy. In 1948 he joined Columbia University as Associate Professor of Physics and in 1950 was appointed a full professor. He was Director of the University's Radiation Laboratory from 1950 to 1952, and from 1952 to 1955 he was Chairman of the Physics Department.
    To meet the need for an oscillator generating very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, Townes in 1951 realized that use could be made of the different natural energy levels of atoms and molecules. The practical application of this idea was achieved in his laboratory in 1953 using ammonia gas to make the device known as a maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). The maser was developed in the next few years and in 1958, in a joint paper with his brother-in-law Arthur L. Schawlow, Townes suggested the possibility of a further development into optical frequencies or an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). Two years later the first such device was made by Theodore H. Maiman.
    In 1959 Townes was given leave from Columbia University to serve as Vice-President and Director of Research at the Institute for Defense Analyses until 1961. He was then appointed Provost and Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967 he became University Professor of Physics at the University of California, where he has extended his research interests in the field of microwave and infra-red astronomy. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American Astronomical Society.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics 1964. Foreign Member, Royal Society of London. President, American Physical Society 1967. Townes has received many awards from American and other scientific societies and institutions and honorary degrees from more than twenty universities.
    Bibliography
    Townes is the author of many scientific papers and, with Arthur L.Schawlow, of
    Microwave Spectroscopy (1955).
    1980, entry, McGraw-Hill Modern Scientists and Engineers, Part 3, New York, pp. 227– 8 (autobiography).
    1991, entry, The Nobel Century, London, p. 106 (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    T.Wasson (ed.), 1987, Nobel Prize Winners, New York, pp. 1,071–3 (contains a short biography).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Townes, Charles Hard

  • 12 Ayrton, William Edward

    [br]
    b. 14 September 1847 London, England
    d. 8 November 1908 London, England
    [br]
    English physicist, inventor and pioneer in technical education.
    [br]
    After graduating from University College, London, Ayrton became for a short time a pupil of Sir William Thomson in Glasgow. For five years he was employed in the Indian Telegraph Service, eventually as Superintendent, where he assisted in revolutionizing the system, devising methods of fault detection and elimination. In 1873 he was invited by the Japanese Government to assist as Professor of Physics and Telegraphy in founding the Imperial College of Engineering in Tokyo. There he created a teaching laboratory that served as a model for those he was later to organize in England and which were copied elsewhere. It was in Tokyo that his joint researches with Professor John Perry began, an association that continued after their return to England. In 1879 he became Professor of Technical Physics at the City and Guilds Institute in Finsbury, London, and later was appointed Professor of Physics at the Central Institution in South Kensington.
    The inventions of Avrton and Perrv included an electric tricycle in 1882, the first practicable portable ammeter and other electrical measuring instruments. By 1890, when the research partnership ended, they had published nearly seventy papers in their joint names, the emphasis being on a mathematical treatment of subjects including electric motor design, construction of electrical measuring instruments, thermodynamics and the economical use of electric conductors. Ayrton was then employed as a consulting engineer by government departments and acted as an expert witness in many important patent cases.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1881. President, Physical Society 1890–2. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1892. Royal Society Royal Medal 1901.
    Bibliography
    28 April 1883, British patent no. 2,156 (Ayrton and Perry's ammeter and voltmeter). 1887, Practical Electricity, London (based on his early laboratory courses; 7 edns followed during his lifetime).
    1892, "Electrotechnics", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 21, 5–36 (for a survey of technical education).
    Further Reading
    D.W.Jordan, 1985, "The cry for useless knowledge: education for a new Victorian technology", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 132 (Part A): 587– 601.
    G.Gooday, 1991, History of Technology, 13: 73–111 (for an account of Ayrton and the teaching laboratory).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Ayrton, William Edward

  • 13 Pierce, George Washington

    [br]
    b. 11 January 1872 Austin, Texas, USA
    d. 25 August 1956 Franklin, New Hampshire, USA
    [br]
    American physicist who made various contributions to electronics, particularly crystal oscillators.
    [br]
    Pierce entered the University of Texas in 1890, gaining his BSc in physics in 1893 and his MSc in 1894. After teaching and doing various odd jobs, in 1897 he obtained a scholarship to Harvard, obtaining his PhD three years later. Following a period at the University of Leipzig, he returned to the USA in 1903 to join the teaching staff at Harvard, where he soon established new courses and began to gain a reputation as a pioneer in electronics, including the study of crystal rectifiers and publication of a textbook on wireless telegraphy. In 1912, with Kennelly, he conceived the idea of motional impedance. The same year he was made first Director of Harvard's Cruft High- Tension Electrical Laboratory, a post he held until his retirement. In 1917 he was appointed Professor of Physics, and for the remainder of the First World War he was also involved in work on submarine detection at the US Naval Base in New London. In 1921 he was appointed Rumford Professor of Physics and became interested in the work of Walter Cady on crystal-controlled circuits. As a result of this he patented the Pierce crystal oscillator in 1924. Having discovered the magnetostriction property of nickel and nichrome, in 1928 he also invented the magnetostriction oscillator. The mercury-vapour discharge lamp is also said to have been his idea. He became Gordon McKay Professor of Physics and Communications in 1935 and retired from Harvard in 1940, but he remained active for the rest of his life with the study of sound generation by birds and insects.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institute of Radio Engineers 1918–19. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1929.
    Bibliography
    1910, Principles of Wireless Telegraphy.
    1914, US patent no. 1,450,749 (a mercury vapour tube control circuit). 1919, Electrical Oscillations and Electric Waves.
    1922, "The piezo-electric Resonator", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 10:83.
    Further Reading
    F.E.Terman, 1943, Radio Engineers'Handbook, New York: McGraw-Hill (for details of piezo-electric crystal oscillator circuits).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Pierce, George Washington

  • 14 Bardeen, John

    [br]
    b. 23 May 1908 Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    d. 30 January 1991 Boston, Massachusetts, USA
    [br]
    American physicist, the first to win the Nobel Prize for Physics twice.
    [br]
    Born the son of a professor of anatomy, he studied electrical engineering at the University of Wisconsin. He then worked for three years as a geophysicist at the Gulf Research Laboratories before taking a PhD in mathematical physics at Princeton, where he was a graduate student. For some time he held appointments at the University of Minnesota and at Harvard, and during the Second World War he joined the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory. In 1945 he joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories to head a new department to work on solid-state devices. While there, he and W.H. Brattain in 1948 published a paper that introduced the transistor. For this he, Brattain and Shockley won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956. In 1951 he moved to the University of Illinois as Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering. There he worked on superconductivity, a phenomenon described in 1911 by Kamerling-Onnes. Bardeen worked with L.N. Cooper and J.A.Schrieffer, and in 1972 they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for the "BCS Theory", which suggested that, under certain circumstances at very low temperatures, electrons can form bound pairs.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics (jointly with Brattain and Shockley) 1956, (jointly with Cooper and Schrieffer) 1972.
    Further Reading
    Isaacs and E.Martin (eds), 1985, Longmans Dictionary of 20th Century Biography.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Bardeen, John

  • 15 Braun, Karl Ferdinand

    [br]
    b. 6 June 1850 Fulda, Hesse, Germany
    d. 20 April 1918 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    German physicist who shared with Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics for developments in wireless telegraphy; inventor of the cathode ray oscilloscope.
    [br]
    After obtaining degrees from the universities of Marburg and Berlin (PhD) and spending a short time as Headmaster of the Thomas School in Berlin, Braun successively held professorships in theoretical physics at the universities of Marburg (1876), Strasbourg (1880) and Karlsruhe (1883) before becoming Professor of Experimental Physics at Tübingen in 1885 and Director and Professor of Physics at Strasbourg in 1895.
    During this time he devised experimental apparatus to determine the dielectric constant of rock salt and developed the Braun high-tension electrometer. He also discovered that certain mineral sulphide crystals would only conduct electricity in one direction, a rectification effect that made it possible to detect and demodulate radio signals in a more reliable manner than was possible with the coherer. Primarily, however, he was concerned with improving Marconi's radio transmitter to increase its broadcasting range. By using a transmitter circuit comprising a capacitor and a spark-gap, coupled to an aerial without a spark-gap, he was able to obtain much greater oscillatory currents in the latter, and by tuning the transmitter so that the oscillations occupied only a narrow frequency band he reduced the interference with other transmitters. Other achievements include the development of a directional aerial and the first practical wavemeter, and the measurement in Strasbourg of the strength of radio waves received from the Eiffel Tower transmitter in Paris. For all this work he subsequently shared with Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics.
    Around 1895 he carried out experiments using a torsion balance in order to measure the universal gravitational constant, g, but the work for which he is probably best known is the addition of deflecting plates and a fluorescent screen to the Crooke's tube in 1897 in order to study the characteristics of high-frequency currents. The oscilloscope, as it was called, was not only the basis of a now widely used and highly versatile test instrument but was the forerunner of the cathode ray tube, or CRT, used for the display of radar and television images.
    At the beginning of the First World War, while in New York to testify in a patent suit, he was trapped by the entry of the USA into the war and remained in Brooklyn with his son until his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics (jointly with Marconi) 1909.
    Bibliography
    1874, "Assymetrical conduction of certain metal sulphides", Pogg. Annal. 153:556 (provides an account of the discovery of the crystal rectifier).
    1897, "On a method for the demonstration and study of currents varying with time", Wiedemann's Annalen 60:552 (his description of the cathode ray oscilloscope as a measuring tool).
    Further Reading
    K.Schlesinger \& E.G.Ramberg, 1962, "Beamdeflection and photo-devices", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 50, 991.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Braun, Karl Ferdinand

  • 16 Appleton, Sir Edward Victor

    [br]
    b. 6 September 1892 Bradford, England
    d. 21 April 1965 Edinburgh, Scotland
    [br]
    English physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the ionospheric layer, named after him, which is an efficient reflector of short radio waves, thereby making possible long-distance radio communication.
    [br]
    After early ambitions to become a professional cricketer, Appleton went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied under J.J.Thompson and Ernest Rutherford. His academic career interrupted by the First World War, he served as a captain in the Royal Engineers, carrying out investigations into the propagation and fading of radio signals. After the war he joined the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, as a demonstrator in 1920, and in 1924 he moved to King's College, London, as Wheatstone Professor of Physics.
    In the following decade he contributed to developments in valve oscillators (in particular, the "squegging" oscillator, which formed the basis of the first hard-valve time-base) and gained international recognition for research into electromagnetic-wave propagation. His most important contribution was to confirm the existence of a conducting ionospheric layer in the upper atmosphere capable of reflecting radio waves, which had been predicted almost simultaneously by Heaviside and Kennelly in 1902. This he did by persuading the BBC in 1924 to vary the frequency of their Bournemouth transmitter, and he then measured the signal received at Cambridge. By comparing the direct and reflected rays and the daily variation he was able to deduce that the Kennelly- Heaviside (the so-called E-layer) was at a height of about 60 miles (97 km) above the earth and that there was a further layer (the Appleton or F-layer) at about 150 miles (240 km), the latter being an efficient reflector of the shorter radio waves that penetrated the lower layers. During the period 1927–32 and aided by Hartree, he established a magneto-ionic theory to explain the existence of the ionosphere. He was instrumental in obtaining agreement for international co-operation for ionospheric and other measurements in the form of the Second Polar Year (1932–3) and, much later, the International Geophysical Year (1957–8). For all this work, which made it possible to forecast the optimum frequencies for long-distance short-wave communication as a function of the location of transmitter and receiver and of the time of day and year, in 1947 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.
    He returned to Cambridge as Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy in 1939, and with M.F. Barnett he investigated the possible use of radio waves for radio-location of aircraft. In 1939 he became Secretary of the Government Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, a post he held for ten years. During the Second World War he contributed to the development of both radar and the atomic bomb, and subsequently served on government committees concerned with the use of atomic energy (which led to the establishment of Harwell) and with scientific staff.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted (KCB 1941, GBE 1946). Nobel Prize for Physics 1947. FRS 1927. Vice- President, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1932. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1933. Institute of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1946. Vice-Chancellor, Edinburgh University 1947. Institution of Civil Engineers Ewing Medal 1949. Royal Medallist 1950. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1962. President, British Association 1953. President, Radio Industry Council 1955–7. Légion d'honneur. LLD University of St Andrews 1947.
    Bibliography
    1925, joint paper with Barnett, Nature 115:333 (reports Appleton's studies of the ionosphere).
    1928, "Some notes of wireless methods of investigating the electrical structure of the upper atmosphere", Proceedings of the Physical Society 41(Part III):43. 1932, Thermionic Vacuum Tubes and Their Applications (his work on valves).
    1947, "The investigation and forecasting of ionospheric conditions", Journal of the
    Institution of Electrical Engineers 94, Part IIIA: 186 (a review of British work on the exploration of the ionosphere).
    with J.F.Herd \& R.A.Watson-Watt, British patent no. 235,254 (squegging oscillator).
    Further Reading
    Who Was Who, 1961–70 1972, VI, London: A. \& C.Black (for fuller details of honours). R.Clark, 1971, Sir Edward Appleton, Pergamon (biography).
    J.Jewkes, D.Sawers \& R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Appleton, Sir Edward Victor

  • 17 Schawlow, Arthur Leonard

    [br]
    b. 5 May 1921 Mount Vernon, New York, USA
    [br]
    American physicist involved in laser-spectroscopy research.
    [br]
    When Arthur L.Schawlow was 3 years old his family moved to Canada: it was in Toronto that he received his education, graduating from the University of Toronto with a BA in physics in 1941. He was awarded an MA in 1942, taught classes for military personnel at the University until 1944 and worked for a year on radar equipment. He returned to the University of Toronto in 1945 to carry out research on optical spectroscopy and received his PhD in 1949. From 1949 to 1951 he held a postgraduate fellowship at Columbia University, where he worked with Charles H. Townes on microwave spectroscopy. From 1951 to 1961 he was a research physicist at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, working mainly on superconductivity, but he maintained his association with Townes, who had pioneered the maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). In a paper published in Physical Review in December 1958, Townes and Schawlow suggested the possibility of a development into optical frequencies or an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). In 1960 the first such device was made by Theodore H. Maiman. In 1960 Schawlow returned to Columbia University as a visiting professor and in the following year was appointed Professor of Physics at Stanford University, where he continued his researches in laser spectroscopy. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics 1981. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1962. Institute of Physics of London Thomas Young Medal and Prize 1963. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Prize 1964. Optical Society of America Frederick Ives Medal 1976. Honorary degrees from the State University of Ghent, the University of Bradford and the University of Toronto.
    Bibliography
    Schawlow is the author of many scientific papers and, with Charles H.Townes, of
    Microwave Spectroscopy (1955).
    Further Reading
    T.Wasson (ed.), 1987, Nobel Prize Winners, New York, pp. 930–3 (contains a short biography).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Schawlow, Arthur Leonard

  • 18 Ohm, Georg Simon

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 16 March 1789 Erlangen, near Nuremberg, Germany
    d. 6 July 1854 Munich, Germany
    [br]
    German physicist who laid the foundations of electrical science with his discovery of Ohm's Law.
    [br]
    Given the same first name as his father, Johann, at his baptism, Ohm was generally known by the name of Georg to avoid confusion. While still a child he became interested in science and learned many of his basic skills from his father, a mechanical engineer. After basic education he attended the Gymnasium at Erlangen for a year, then in 1805 he entered the University of Erlangen. Probably for financial reasons, he left after three terms in 1806 and obtained a post as a mathematics tutor at a school in Gottstadt, Switzerland, where he may well have begun to experiment with electrical circuits. In 1811 he returned to Erlangen. He appears to have obtained his doctorate in the same year. After studying physics for a year, he became a tutor at the Studienanstalt (girls' secondary school) at Bamberg in Bavaria. There, in 1817, he wrote a book on the teaching of geometry in schools, as a result of which King Freidrich Wilhelm III of Prussia had him appointed Oberlehrer (Senior Master) in Mathematics and Physics at the Royal Consistory in Cologne. He continued his electrical experiments and in 1826 was given a year's leave of absence to concentrate on this work, which culminated the following year in publication of his "Die galvanische Kette", in which he demonstrated his now-famous Law, that the current in a resistor is proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. Because he published only a theoretical treatment of his Law, without including the supporting experimental evidence, his conclusions were widely ignored and ridiculed by the eminent German scientists of his day; bitterly disappointed, he was forced to resign his post at the Consistory. Reduced to comparative poverty he took a position as a mathematics teacher at the Berlin Military School. Fortunately, news of his discovery became more widely known, and in 1833 he was appointed Professor at the Nuremberg Polytechnic School. Two years later he was given the Chair of Higher Mathematics at the University of Erlangen and the position of State Inspector of Scientific Education. Honoured by the Royal Society of London in 1841 and 1842, in 1849 he became Professor of Physics at Munich University, apost he held until his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Society Copley Medal 1841. FRS 1842.
    Bibliography
    1817, "Grundlinien zu einer zweckmàssigen Behandlung der Geometric als hohern Bildungsmittels an vorbereitenden Lehranstalt".
    1827, "Die galvanische Kette, mathematische bearbeit".
    Further Reading
    F.E.Terman, 1943, Radio Engineers' Handbook, New York: McGraw-Hill, Section 3 (for circuit theory based on Ohm's Law).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Ohm, Georg Simon

  • 19 Volta, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 18 February 1745 Como, Italy
    d. 5 March 1827 Como, Italy
    [br]
    Italian physicist, discoverer of a source of continuous electric current from a pile of dissimilar metals.
    [br]
    Volta had an early command of English, French and Latin, and also learned to read Dutch and Spanish. After completing studies at the Royal Seminary in Como he was involved in the study of physics, chemistry and electricity. He became a teacher of physics in his native town and in 1779 was appointed Professor of Physics at the University of Pavia, a post he held for forty years.
    With a growing international reputation and a wish to keep abreast of the latest developments, in 1777 he began the first of many travels abroad. A journey started in 1781 to Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Holland, France and England lasted about one year. By 1791 he had been elected to membership of many learned societies, including those in Zurich, Berlin, Berne and Paris. Volta's invention of his pile resulted from a controversy with Luigi Galvani, Professor of Anatomy at the University of Bologna. Galvani discovered that the muscles of frogs' legs contracted when touched with two pieces of different metals and attributed this to a phenomenon of the animal tissue. Volta showed that the excitation was due to a chemical reaction resulting from the contact of the dissimilar metals when moistened. His pile comprised a column of zinc and silver discs, each pair separated by paper moistened with brine, and provided a source of continuous current from a simple and accessible source. The effectiveness of the pile decreased as the paper dried and Volta devised his crown of cups, which had a longer life. In this, pairs of dissimilar metals were placed in each of a number of cups partly filled with an electrolyte such as brine. Volta first announced the results of his experiments with dissimilar metals in 1800 in a letter to Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society. This letter, published in the Transactions of the Royal Society, has been regarded as one of the most important documents in the history of science. Large batteries were constructed in a number of laboratories soon after Volta's discoveries became known, leading immediately to a series of developments in electrochemistry and eventually in electromagnetism. Volta himself made little further contribution to science. In recognition of his achievement, at a meeting of the International Electrical Congress in Paris in 1881 it was agreed to name the unit of electrical pressure the "volt".
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1791. Royal Society Copley Medal 1794. Knight of the Iron Crown, Austria, 1806. Senator of the Realm of Lombardy 1809.
    Bibliography
    1800, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 18:744–6 (Volta's report on his discovery).
    Further Reading
    G.Polvani, 1942, Alessandro Volta, Pisa (the best account available).
    B.Dibner, 1964, Alessandro Volta and the Electric Battery, New York (a detailed account).
    C.C.Gillispie (ed.), 1976, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. XIV, New York, pp.
    66–82 (includes an extensive biography).
    F.Soresni, 1988, Alessandro Volta, Milan (includes illustrations of Volta's apparatus, with brief text).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Volta, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio

  • 20 profeso|r

    m (N pl profesorowie a. profesorzy) 1. (tytuł naukowy) professor
    - profesor fizyki a professor of physics
    - profesor Kowalski/Kowalska Professor Kowalski
    - zostać mianowanym profesorem to be made professor
    - dzień dobry, panie profesorze/pani profesor! good morning, Professor!
    2. (w liceum) (secondary school) teacher
    - profesor od matematyki/chemii a maths/chemistry teacher
    - profesor Kowalski/Kowalska Mr Kowalski/Ms Kowalski
    - dzień dobry, panie profesorze good morning, sir
    - dzień dobry, pani profesor good morning, miss
    - □ profesor honorowy honorary professor
    - profesor nadzwyczajny ≈ associate professor
    - profesor zwyczajny full professor

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > profeso|r

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